Imagine a movie where our cells transform into ‘zombie cells’ that linger and disrupt our body, leading to severe health issues until we die.
What if we told you this isn’t science fiction, but a real issue affecting our health that many of us aren’t even aware of?
To stay alive and healthy, your cells need to divide regularly, a process essential for growth, repair, and maintaining tissues.
However, as cells age or get damaged, they can enter a state called cellular senescence and stop dividing.
These “old cells,” “aged cells,” or “zombie cells” accumulate over time, impacting overall health. Their build-up can lead to chronic inflammation and contribute to ageing and age-related diseases.
Scientists are studying these senescent cells to find ways to minimise their negative effects and enhance health and longevity.
In this Avea article, we’ll explore “zombie cells” and potential strategies for activating senescent cell clearance. Want to learn how to keep your cells in top shape? Read on.
In this article
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What are senescent cells?
Definition of zombie cells
Senescent cells are cells that have entered a state where they no longer divide, but remain metabolically active [1].
This phenomenon, known as cellular senescence, is a crucial biological response to prevent damaged or dysfunctional cells from proliferating. Basically, it’s nature’s way of stopping potentially harmful cells from multiplying and causing further damage.
Senescence typically occurs in response to various stresses such as DNA damage, oxidative stress, or prolonged exposure to harmful conditions.
Characteristics of zombie cells
So, what sets them apart?
Zombie cells differ from other non-dividing cells, such as quiescent cells, which are temporarily in a resting state and can re-enter the cell cycle when needed.
Unlike quiescent cells, senescent cells have permanently exited the cell cycle and are unable to resume division.
Note:
Senescent cells are not always harmful, and their presence does not correlate directly to ageing. In fact, senescent cells are a natural part of our body’s response to damage. They play a role in preventing cancer and helping tissue repair.
It’s the accumulation of senescent cells that can lead to chronic inflammation and ageing. This is detrimental, as these cells are not completely inactive; they still influence their environment, triggering inflammation.
This duality is what makes these old cells a complex concept.
Senescence markers
Senescence markers are distinctive features that help identify senescent cells.
These markers highlight unique changes in the cell’s behaviour and structure, providing insights into their role in ageing and diseases [2].
1. Cell cycle arrest
Cell cycle arrest is a defining feature of senescent cells. This state occurs when cells permanently cease to divide. Cellular senescence acts as a protective mechanism to prevent damaged or dysfunctional cells from proliferating. While this halts potential cancer development, it also contributes to ageing and associated diseases as these non-dividing cells accumulate over time.
2. Biomarkers of senescence
To identify senescent cells, scientists look for specific markers. Special staining techniques are used in labs to highlight its increased presence.
In the lab, scientists use special tests to identify senescent cells. One key test looks for an enzyme called senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal). When this enzyme is present in high amounts, it turns a blue colour during the test. This blue colour helps scientists spot these ageing cells under a microscope.
For other important markers like proteins: p16INK4a, p21CIP1, and p27, scientists use different techniques. These markers don’t change colour on their own, but are detected using dyes or fluorescent tags. Depending on the type of dye or tag used, the zombie cells might glow or appear in different colours, helping researchers identify them.
3. Structural and functional changes
Senescent cells exhibit both structural and functional changes. These lead to significant alterations in their appearance and behaviour.
- Senescent cells often become larger and flatter compared to actively dividing cells.
- These cells accumulate lipofuscin, a pigment that indicates oxidative damage.
- Senescent cells develop dense regions of chromatin called SAHF, which disrupt normal cellular function.
- Persistent DNA damage foci are visible, representing ongoing genetic damage within the cells.
- The loss of lamin B1, a protein that maintains the nuclear envelope’s structure, further impairs the cell’s functionality.
These changes collectively impact the cell’s ability to function properly and contribute to the overall ageing process.
4. Senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP)
The senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) involves the release of inflammatory molecules, growth factors, and enzymes by senescent cells.
SASP can impact neighbouring tissues by promoting inflammation and altering tissue function. This not only contributes to ageing and disease, but can also induce further cellular senescence in nearby cells, creating a vicious cycle.
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The role of senescent cells in ageing
Cellular senescence
Cellular senescence is a hallmark of ageing, characterised by the permanent cessation of cell division and the accumulation of senescent cells in tissues [3].
Zombie cells disrupt normal tissue function by secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and proteases. These molecules collectively contribute to chronic inflammation.
This persistent inflammatory state impairs tissue repair and regeneration, driving the ageing process and worsening conditions such as osteoarthritis, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders.
Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress caused by senescent cells accelerate disease progression and exacerbate age-related pathologies.
Scientists are studying senescent cells in an attempt to develop targeted therapeutic strategies to mitigate their impact. The aim is to potentially improve health outcomes and extend longevity.
What causes senescent cells?
Before we explore natural methods for reducing senescent cells, let’s first understand what causes their accumulation.
- DNA damage: Harmful factors like pollution or UV rays can cause genetic errors, pushing cells to stop dividing.
- Oxidative stress: Excessive free radicals from smoking or stress can damage cells, leading them into cell senescence.
- Chronic inflammation: Long-term inflammation, such as from arthritis, can trigger cells to enter a non-dividing state.
- Telomere shortening: Repeated cell division shortens the protective ends of chromosomes, eventually halting cell replication.
- Oncogenic stress: Cancer-related mutations can force cells into senescence to prevent uncontrolled growth.
- Metabolic dysfunction: Imbalances in energy production within cells can lead to damage and induce a senescent state.
Understanding these causes highlights why senescent cells emerge initially as a protective mechanism. Yet, as they accumulate, they can wreak havoc on our health. Ready to discover how to naturally keep these cells in check? Let’s explore effective strategies to tackle these senescent cells.
How to get rid of senescent cells naturally
Fortunately, there are natural methods to help reduce the presence of zombie cells and promote better health [4].
1. Effects of exercise on senescent cells
Exercise is a powerful tool for reducing senescent cells. Research shows that regular physical activity can lower the number of these zombie cells in various organs, including the heart, liver, and muscles.
For instance, mice running on wheels had fewer senescence markers in their hearts, whilst aerobic treadmill sessions decreased senescence markers in aged mice kidneys. Swimming for three months reduced inflammation and senescence in rodent livers.
But effects of exercise depend on intensity and duration. Moderate exercise is beneficial, but extreme intensity can be harmful, potentially causing senescence in the brain and impairing memory.
In humans, consistent physical activity helps lower markers of senescence, improves vascular health, and helps muscle regeneration. Combining exercise with a balanced diet further enhances these benefits.
2. Effects of diet on senescent cells
What you eat can impact cellular senescence. Diets high in sugars and fats can speed up senescence by creating harmful compounds like advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which damage cells.
Reducing calorie intake (caloric restriction) and intermittent fasting can help lower senescent cell numbers by enhancing cell repair and reducing inflammation. Learn why fasting for women is different.
Consuming a high-protein diet might boost muscle growth but can increase inflammation and cancer risks in younger adults. In contrast, older adults might benefit from a high-protein diet, especially if it includes plant proteins.
Learn whether protein restriction can increase longevity here.
High-fat diets are linked to more senescent cells and inflammation, while a Mediterranean diet rich in plant-based foods and healthy fats supports better cell health and longevity. Discover 10 tips to build the longevity diet.
A diet rich in antioxidants, such as those found in colourful fruits and vegetables or longevity supplements, helps to combat oxidative stress, which is a key driver of cellular senescence.
Phytochemicals from tea and herbs can help clear senescent cells and boost overall health.
Compounds like resveratrol in red wine, curcumin in turmeric, and catechins in green tea can reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, supporting cellular repair and longevity. Adding these to your diet may promote better health and potentially extend well-being.
Antioxidants are known to neutralise free radicals and reduce oxidative stress. Polyphenol-rich foods like berries and green tea may also provide protective effects by modulating inflammation and oxidative stress.
Last but not least, staying well-hydrated supports cellular function and detoxification processes, helping in the reduction of senescent cells.
3. Effects of probiotics and prebiotics on senescent cells
Recent research shows that our gut microbiome, the community of microbes in our intestines, is crucial for maintaining overall health and preventing diseases.
As we age, our gut microbiota often becomes less diverse and less beneficial. This eventually leads to increased inflammation and cellular senescence.
Studies show that compounds from medicinal mushrooms and certain flavonoids like Resveratrol and Quercetin can improve gut health by increasing beneficial microbes and reducing inflammation. These effects are particularly noticeable in older animals.
Probiotics, such as Lactobacillus and Streptococcus, have also been shown to help reduce harmful senescent cells and improve immune function. Overall, your gut microbiome plays a key role in how dietary and pharmaceutical interventions impact your health.
Discover the difference between probiotics and prebiotics here.
4. Effects of sleep deprivation on senescent cells
Sleep is vital for maintaining health and combating the effects of cellular ageing and inflammation. Disruptions like sleep fragmentation or insomnia can elevate inflammation and increase the accumulation of senescent cells.
Research in mice indicates that chronic sleep deprivation can lead to vascular dysfunction and heightened cell senescence markers.
In humans, poor sleep correlates with increased levels of immune cells that might be senescent. Even a single night of inadequate sleep can prompt DNA damage and inflammatory responses. These insights highlight the importance of quality sleep in managing ageing and maintaining health.
Metformin, a medication derived from French lilac, shows promise as an anti-ageing agent by potentially reducing signs of ageing and chronic diseases. The TAME trial is exploring its ability to improve age-related conditions. But Metformin’s use can lead to side effects like lowered testosterone levels and erectile dysfunction. It may also reduce the benefits of exercise on insulin sensitivity and mitochondrial function in older adults. These issues highlight the need for careful consideration and further research to ensure Metformin’s safety and effectiveness as a drug. While its primary mechanism isn’t to clear senescent cells directly, it may contribute to healthier ageing and reduced negative effects associated with these zombie cells.
Senescent cell removal
To target and eliminate senescent cells, researchers are investigating several innovative strategies, including the use of senolytics and senomorphics.
1. What are senolytics?
Senolytics are compounds or drugs specifically designed to target and eliminate senescent cells.
Studies have shown that Dasatinib, Quercetin, as well as Fisetin, are all effective senolytics, each disrupting the survival mechanisms of these unwanted zombie cells.
- Dasatinib is a drug used in cancer therapy that has shown promise in clearing senescent cells and improving tissue function.
- Quercetin is a natural flavonoid found in fruits and vegetables. It eliminates senescent cells by targeting and inhibiting their anti-apoptotic pathways, inducing apoptosis, and thereby reducing the harmful effects of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Clinical studies have shown how Quercetin can reduce inflammation and improve health marker.
- Fisetin is another natural, potent senolytic that target the survival mechanisms of senescent cells. It has been shown to have even higher efficacy than Quercetin in certain studies. Research suggests that Fisetin can reduce senescent cell burden and associated inflammation, and increase lifespan by 10% in rodents.
Discover the difference between Quercetin and Fisetin here.
2. What are senomorphics?
Senomorphics are different from senolytics. They focus on modifying the behaviour of senescent cells rather than removing them directly.
These drugs, such as rapamycin, work to mitigate the harmful effects of senescent cells, including their inflammatory secretions, without actually killing them.
This approach can help reduce the negative impact of these cells on surrounding tissues.
Combining these strategies might enhance their effectiveness. For example, using senolytics to clear out senescent cells and senomorphics to modulate the behaviour of any remaining ones could offer a more comprehensive solution.
Supplements that kill zombie cells
1. The solution: Avea Cell Primer
To address the challenges of cellular senescence effectively, consider integrating Avea’s Cell Primer into your routine.
Science-proven solution to boost cellular renewal
- Protect your cells from oxidative stress and inflammation.
- Experience the benefits of senolytics like Fisetin and Quercetin in ideal daily dosages.
- Benefit from 6 well-researched antioxidants.
Our Cell Primer is a comprehensive rejuvenation solution, carefully formulated with a blend of powerful antioxidants including Fisetin, Quercetin, Spermidine, Ergothioneine, PQQ, and Selenium.
2. The benefits of the Cell Primer
- Cellular defence against oxidative stress
- Promotes autophagy for cellular renewal
- Supports clearing of senescent cells
- May boost brain health & cognition
- Science-backed longevity ingredients
Learn more about the science behind the Cell Primer here.
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Keynote from Avea
Zombie cells, or senescent cells, play a crucial role in ageing and age-related diseases through their accumulation and inflammatory effects.
Understanding their impact helps in developing strategies to mitigate these effects.
Ongoing research is essential for discovering effective ways to manage senescence, potentially improving health, and extending longevity.
On your end, you can try to eliminate these cells naturally by maintaining a healthy diet, exercising regularly, ensuring quality sleep, taking probiotics, and using supplements like Cell Primer.
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